# Awesome philosophy

A curated list of awesome philosophy

Contributions and criticism are welcome. (See: Contributing.)

# Table of contents

- Ethics

  - Classical ethics

  - Christian and Medieval ethics

  - Modern ethics

  - Postmodern ethics

  - Bioethics

- Meta-ethics (Metaethics)

- Epistemology

- Logic

- Aesthetics

- Metaphysics

- Philosophy of the mind

- History of philosophy

  - Western Civilization

    - Classical philosophy

    - Christian and Medieval

    - Early modern

    - Contemporary

      - Phenomenology and existentialism

      - Hermeneutics and deconstruction

      - Structuralism and post-structuralism

      - Critical theory and Marxism

  - Eastern Civlization

    - Chinese philosophy

    - Indian philosophy

    - Islamic philosophy

    - Japanese philosophy

- Philosophy of other disciplines

  - Education

  - Religion

  - Science

    - Mathematics

    - Physics

    - Computer science

    - Neuroscience

    - Chemistry

    - Biology

    - Sociology

    - Psychology

    - Economics

  - Arts and Humanities

    - Art

    - Music

    - Literatue

    - Language

    - History

  - Medicine

  - Law

  - Politics

## Ethics

### Classical ethics

- Aristotle “Nichomachean Ethics” “On Virtues and Vices”

### Christian and Medieval ethics

- Thomas Aquinas “Summa Theologica”

- Saint Bonaventure “Commentary on the Sentences”

- Duns Scotus “Philosophical Writings”

- William of Ockham “Sum of Logic”

### Modern ethics

- G. E. M. Anscombe “Modern Moral Philosophy”

- David Gauthier “Morals by Agreement”

- Alan Gewirth “Reason and Morality”

- Allan Gibbard “Thinking How to Live”

- Susan Hurley “Natural Reasons”

- Christine Korsgaard “The Sources of Normativity”

- John McDowell “Values and Secondary Qualities”

- Alasdair MacIntyre “After Virtue”

- J. L. Mackie “Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong”

- G. E. Moore “Principia Ethica”

- Martha Nussbaum “The Fragility of Goodness”

- Derek Parfit “Reasons and Persons”

- Derek Parfit “On What Matters”

- Peter Railton “Facts, Values, and Norms”

- W. D. Ross “The Right and the Good”

- Thomas M. Scanlon “What We Owe to Each Other”

- Samuel Scheffler “The Rejection of Consequentialism”

- Peter Singer “Practical Ethics”

- Michael A. Smith “The Moral Problem”

- Bernard Williams “Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy”

### Postmodern ethics

- Zygmunt Bauman “Postmodern Ethics”

- Terry Eagleton “The Illusions of Postmodernism”

### Bioethics

- Don Marquis “Why Abortion is Immoral”

- Paul Ramsey “The Patient as a Person” “Fabricated Man”

- Judith Jarvis Thomson “A Defense of Abortion”

## Meta-ethics (Metaethics)

- P. F. Strawson “Freedom and Resentment”

## Epistemology

- Laurence Bonjour “The Structure of Empirical Knowledge”

- Luc Bovens “Bayesian Epistemology”

- Stanley Cavell “The Claim of Reason: Wittgenstein, Skepticism, Morality, and Tragedy”

- Roderick Chisholm “Theory of Knowledge”

- Keith DeRose “The Case for Contextualism”

- René Descartes “Discourse on the Method”, “Meditations on First Philosophy”

- Edmund Gettier “Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?”

- Alvin Goldman “Epistemology and Cognition” “What is Justified Belief?”

- Susan Haack “Evidence and Enquiry”

- Hilary Kornblith “Knowledge and its Place in Nature”

- Jonathan Kvanvig “The Value of Knowledge and the Pursuit of Understanding”

- David K. Lewis “Elusive Knowledge”

- G. E. Moore “A Defence of Common Sense”

- Willard van Orman Quine “Epistemology Naturalized”

- Richard Rorty “Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature”

- Bertrand Russell “The Problems of Philosophy”

- Jason Stanley “Knowledge and Practical Interest”

- Stephen Stich “The Fragmentation of Reason”

- Peter Unger “Ignorance: A Case for Scepticism”

- Timothy Williamson “Knowledge and its Limits”

## Logic

- Donald Davidson “Truth and Meaning”

- Gottlob Frege “Begriffsschrift”

- Kurt Gödel, “On Formally Undecidable Propositions of Principia Mathematica and Related Systems”

- Saul Kripke, “Semantical Considerations on Modal Logic”

- Charles Sanders Peirce “How to Make Our Ideas Clear”

- Alfred Tarski “The Concept of Truth”

## Aesthetics

- Theodor Adorno “Aesthetic Theory”

- R.G. Collingwood “The Principles of Art”

- Arthur C. Danto “After the End of Art”

- Nelson Goodman “Languages of Art: An Approach to a Theory of Symbols”

- George Santayana “The Sense of Beauty”

## Metaphysics

- Aristotle “Metaphysics”

- D.M. Armstrong “Universals and Scientific Realism”

- A. J. Ayer “Language, Truth, and Logic”

- Rudolf Carnap “Empiricism, Semantics, and Ontology”

- David Chalmers “Constructing the World”

- John Dewey “Experience and Nature”

- William James “Pragmatism”

- Immanuel Kant “Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals”

- James Ladyman, Don Ross, David Spurrett, John Collier “Every Thing Must Go: Metaphysics Naturalized”

- John McDowell “Mind and World”

- David Kellogg Lewis “On the Plurality of Worlds”

- Stephen Mumford “Dispositions”

- Derek Parfit “Reasons and Persons”

- Willard Van Orman Quine “Two Dogmas of Empiricism” “On What There Is”

- Theodore Sider “Writing the Book of the World”

- Alfred North Whitehead “Process and Reality”

- Timothy Williamson “Modal Logic as Metaphysics”

- Ludwig Wittgenstein “Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus” (a.k.a. The Tractatus)

## Philosophy of the mind

- D. M. Armstrong “A Materialist Theory of the Mind”

- Peter Carruthers “The Architecture of the Mind”

- David Chalmers “Philosophy of Mind: Classical and Contemporary Readings” “The Character of Consciousness” “The Conscious Mind: In Search of a Fundamental Theory”

- Paul Churchland “Matter and Consciousness: A Contemporary Introduction to the Philosophy of Mind”

- Andy Clark “Supersizing the Mind: Embodiment, Action, and Cognitive Extension”

- Daniel Dennett “Consciousness Explained”

- Jaegwon Kim “Philosophy of Mind”

- Ruth Millikan “Varieties of Meaning”

- Gilbert Ryle “The Concept of Mind”

## History of philosophy

### Western civilization

- Bertrand Russell “A History of Western Philosophy”

#### Classical philosophy

- Marcus Aurelius “Meditations””

- Plato “Symposium” “Parmenides” “Phaedrus”

#### Christian and Medieval

- Augustine of Hippo “Confessions” “The City of God”

- Anselm of Canterbury “Proslogion”

#### Early modern

- Sir Francis Bacon “Novum Organum”

- Jeremy Bentham “An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation”

- Henri Bergson “Time and Free Will” “Matter and Memory”

- George Berkeley “Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge”

- Auguste Comte “Course of Positive Philosophy”

- René Descartes “Principles of Philosophy” “Passions of the Soul”

- Desiderius Erasmus “The Praise of Folly”

- Johann Gottlieb Fichte “Foundations of the Science of Knowledge”

- Hugo Grotius “De iure belli ac pacis”

- Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel “Phenomenology of Spirit” “Science of Logic” “The Philosophy of Right” “The Philosophy of History”

- Thomas Hobbes “Leviathan”

- David Hume “A Treatise of Human Nature” “Four Dissertationss” “Essays, Moral, Political, and Literary” “An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding” “An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals”

- Immanuel Kant “A Critique of Pure Reason” “Critique of Practical Reason” “A Critique of Judgement”

- Søren Kierkegaard “Either/Or” “Fear and Trembling” “The Concept of Anxiety”

- Gottfried Leibniz “Discourse on Metaphysics” “New Essays Concerning Human Understanding” “Théodicée” “Monadology”

- John Locke “Two Treatises of Government” “An Essay Concerning Human Understanding”

- Niccolò Machiavelli “The Prince”

- Karl Marx “The Communist Manifesto” “Das Kapital”

- John Stuart Mill “On Liberty”Utilitarianism”

- John Stuart Mill and Harriet Taylor Mill “The Subjection of Women”

- Michel de Montaigne “Essays”

- Friedrich Nietzsche “Thus Spoke Zarathustra” “Beyond Good and Evil” “On the Genealogy of Morals”

- Blaise Pascal “Pensées”

- Jean-Jacques Rousseau “Discourse on the Arts and Sciences” “Emile: or, On Education” “The Social Contract”

- Arthur Schopenhauer “The World as Will and Representation”

- Henry Sidgwick “The Methods of Ethics”

- Adam Smith “The Theory of Moral Sentiments” “The Wealth of Nations”

- Herbert Spencer “System of Synthetic Philosophy”

- Baruch Spinoza “Ethics” “Tractatus Theologico-Politicus”

- Max Stirner “The Ego and Its Own”

- Mary Wollstonecraft “A Vindication of the Rights of Women”

#### Contemporary

##### Phenomenology and existentialism

- Simone de Beauvoir “The Second Sex”

- Albert Camus “Myth of Sisyphus”

- Martin Heidegger “Being and Time”

- Edmund Husserl “Logical Investigations” “Cartesian Meditations” “Ideas Pertaining to a Pure Phenomenology and to a Phenomenological Philosophy”

- Maurice Merleau-Ponty “Phenomenology of Perception”

- Jean-Paul Sartre, “Being and Nothingness” “Critique of Dialectical Reason”

##### Hermeneutics and deconstruction

- Jacques Derrida “Of Grammatology”

- Hans-Georg Gadamer “Truth and Method”

- Paul Ricœur “Freud and Philosophy: An Essay on Interpretation”

##### Structuralism and post-structuralism

- Michel Foucault “The Order of Things”

- Gilles Deleuze “Difference and Repetition”

- Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari “Capitalism and Schizophrenia”

- Luce Irigaray “Speculum of the Other Woman”

- Michel Foucault “Discipline and Punish”

##### Critical theory and Marxism

- Theodor Adorno “Negative Dialectics”

- Louis Althusser “Reading Capital”

- Alain Badiou “Being and Event”

- Jürgen Habermas “Theory of Communicative Action”

- Max Horkheimer and Theodor Adorno “Dialectic of Enlightenment”

- Georg Lukacs “History and Class Consciousness”

- Herbert Marcuse “Reason and Revolution” “Eros and Civilization”

### Eastern civilization

#### Chinese philosophy

- “The Record of Linji”

- Han Fei “Han Feizi”

- Kongzi “Analects” “Five Classics”

- Laozi “Dao De Jing”

- Mengzi “Mengzi”

- Sunzi “Art of War”

- Zhou Dunyi “The Taiji Tushuo”

- Zhu Xi “Four Books” “Reflections on Things at Hand”

#### Indian philosophy

- “The Upanishads”

- “The Bhagavad Gita” (“The Song of God”)

- Aksapada Gautama “Nyaya Sutras”

- Isvarakrsna “Sankhya Karika”

- Kanada “Vaisheshika Sutra”

- Patañjali “Yoga Sutras”

- Swami Swatamarama “Hatha Yoga Pradipika”

- Vyasa “Brahma Sutras”

- Tami “Thiruvalluvar”

#### Islamic philosophy

- Al-Ghazali “The Incoherence of the Philosophers”

#### Japanese philosophy

- Hakuin Ekaku “Wild Ivy”

- Honen “One-Sheet Document”

- Kukai “Attaining Enlightenment in this Very Existence”

- Zeami Motokiyo “Style and Flower”

- Miyamoto Musashi “The Book of Five Rings”

- Shinran “Kyogyoshinsho”

- Dogen Zenji “Shōbōgenzō”

## Philosophy of other disciplines

### Education

- John Dewey “Democracy and Education”

- Terry Eagleton “The Slow Death of the University”

- Paulo Freire “Pedagogy of the Oppressed”

- Martha Nussbaum “Not for Profit: Why Democracy Needs the Humanities”

- B.F. Skinner “Walden Two”

- Charles Weingartner and Neil Postman “Teaching as a Subversive Activity”

### Religion

- William Lane Craig “The Kalam Cosmological Argument”

- J. L. Mackie “The Miracle of Theism”

- Dewi Zephaniah Phillips “Religion Without Explanation”

- Alvin Plantinga “God and Other Minds” “Is Belief in God Properly Basic”

- William Rowe “The Evidential Argument from Evil: A Second Look”

- J. L. Schellenberg “Divine Hiddenness and Human Reason”

- Richard Swinburne “The Existence of God”

### Science

- Paul Feyerabend “Against Method: Outline of an Anarchistic Theory of Knowledge”

- Bas C. van Fraassen “The Scientific Image”

- Nelson Goodman “Fact, Fiction, and Forecast”

- Thomas Samuel Kuhn “The Structure of Scientific Revolutions”

- Larry Laudan “The Demise of the Demarcation Problem”

- David K. Lewis “How to Define Theoretical Terms”

- Karl Pearson “The Grammar of Science”

- Karl Popper “The Logic of Scientific Discovery”

- Hans Reichenbach “The Rise of Scientific Philosophy”

#### Mathematics

- Alfred North Whitehead and Bertrand Russell “Principia Mathematica”

- Paul Benacerraf “What Numbers Could not Be” “Mathematical Truth”

- Paul Benacerraf and Hilary Putnam “Philosophy of Mathematics: Selected Readings”

- George Boolos “Logic, Logic and Logic”

- Hartry Field “Science without Numbers: The Defence of Nominalism”

- Imre Lakatos “Proofs and Refutations”

- Penelope Maddy “Second Philosophy”

#### Physics

- Aristotle “Physics”

- Michel Bitbol “Mécanique quantique : Une introduction philosophique” “Schrödinger’s Philosophy of Quantum Mechanics”

- Chris Isham and Jeremy Butterfield “On the Emergence of Time in Quantum Gravity”

- Tim Lewens “The Meaning of Science: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Science”

#### Computer science

- Scott Aaronson “Why Philosophers Should Care About Computational Complexity”

- Judea Pearl “Causality”

- Ray Turner “The Philosophy of Computer Science” “Computational Artefacts-Towards a Philosophy of Computer Science”

#### Neuroscience

- John Bickle “Revisionary Physicalism” “Psychoneural Reduction of the Genuinely Cognitive: Some Accomplished Facts” “Psychoneural Reduction: The New Wave” ” Philosophy and Neuroscience: A Ruthlessly Reductive Account”

- Patricia Churchland “Brain-Wise : Studies in Neurophilosophy” “Neurophilosophy : Toward a Unified Science of the Mind-Brain”

- Carl Craver “Explaining the brain : mechanisms and the mosaic unity of neuroscience”

- Georg Northoff “Philosophy of the Brain: The brain problem”

- Henrik Walter “Neurophilosophy of Free Will: From Libertarian Illusions to a Concept of Natural Autonomy”

#### Chemistry

- Jaap van Brakel “Philosophy of Chemistry”

#### Biology

- Daniel C. Dennett “Darwin’s Dangerous Idea”

- Ruth Garrett Millikan “Language, Thought, and Other Biological Categories”

- Erwin Schrödinger, What is Life? The Physical Aspect of the Living Cell”

- Elliott Sober “The Nature of Selection”

#### Sociology

- B. F. Skinner “Science and Human Behavior”

#### Psychology

- Donald Davidson “The Very Idea of a Conceptual Scheme”

- William James “The Principles of Psychology”

#### Economics

- Kenneth Arrow “Social Choice and Individual Values”

- Ludwig von Mises “The Ultimate Foundation of Economic Science”

- Elizabeth S. Anderson “Value in Ethics and Economics”

### Arts and Humanities

- Bernard Williams “Philosophy as a Humanistic Discipline”

#### Art

- Clive Bell “Art”

- George Dickie “Art and the Aesthetic”

#### Music

- Roger Scruton “Music as an Art”

#### Literature

- Aristotle “Poetics”

#### Language

- J. L. Austin, “A Plea for Excuses” “How To Do Things With Words”

- Robert Brandom “Making it Explicit”

- Stanley Cavell “Must We Mean What We Say?”

- David Chalmers “Two Dimensional Semantics”

- Cora Diamond “What Nonsense Might Be”

- Michael Dummett “Frege: Philosophy of Language”

- Gottlob Frege “On Sense and Reference”

- H. P. Grice “Logic and Conversation”

- Saul Kripke “Naming and Necessity”

- David K. Lewis “General Semantics”

- Willard Van Orman Quine “Word and Object”

- Bertrand Russell “On Denoting”

- John Searle “Speech Acts”

- Ludwig Wittgenstein “Philosophical Investigations”

#### History

- R.G. Collingwood “The Idea of History”

- Karl Löwith “Meaning in History: The Theological Implications of the Philosophy of History”

### Medicine

- Mario Bunge “Medical Philosophy: Conceptual Issues in Medicine”

- R. Paul Thompson and Ross E. G. Upshur “Philosophy of Medicines”

### Law

- Ronald Dworkin “Law’s Empire”

- John Finnis “Natural Law and Natural Rights”

- Lon L. Fuller “The Morality of Law”

- H.L.A. Hart “The Concept of Law”

### Politics

- Aristotle “Politics”

- Isaiah Berlin “Two Concepts of Liberty”

- Robert Nozick “Anarchy, State, and Utopia”

- Plato “Republic”

- Karl Popper “The Open Society and Its Enemies”

- John Rawls “A Theory of Justice”

- Michael Sandel “Liberalism and the Limits of Justice”

philosophy.md Github